An excellent case study of the unsubstantiated fears regarding vaccines is the 1999 concerns by some doctors over the microscopic amount of mercury inside vaccines for children. Their resulting decisions put numerous children at risk. Leading vaccine specialist and researcher Dr. Paul Offit is head of the Division of Infectious Diseases and the director of the Vaccine Education Center at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. In his recent book, Pandora’s Lab: Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong, Offit concisely presents how unproven anxieties and unfamiliarity over seemingly dangerous substances can lead to deadly consequences:
“Preservatives
were first added to multidose vials of vaccines back in the 1930’s. The reason
was that as the needle penetrated the rubber stopper again and again, bacteria
could enter the vial. In the early 1900’s, children receiving the eighth,
ninth, or tenth dose of vaccine might be inoculated with bacteria that had
inadvertently been introduced into the vial, causing severe and occasionally
fatal infections. By adding preservatives containing ethylmercury to vaccines, this
problem disappeared. But in the late 1990’s the question arose, at what price?
“In 1999,
some physicians worried that babies and young children might be exposed to too
much mercury in vaccines. What happened to thimerosal in vaccines in the 1990’s
eventually mimicked what had happened to DDT in the 1970’s. Exercising caution,
thimerosal was precipitously removed from infant vaccines and branded with a
scarlet letter. During the year or so when manufacturers were gearing up to
produce thimerosal-free vaccines, some, like the hepatitis B vaccine, still
contained thimerosal. About 10 percent of hospitals decided not to give thimerosal-containing
hepatitis B vaccines; as a result, one three-month-old child in Michigan died
of overwhelming hepatitis B virus infection and six children in Philadelphia
born to mothers infected with the virus weren’t vaccinated, condemning them to
the likely development of chronic liver disease (called cirrhosis) or liver
cancer later in life.
“These
hospitals had wrongly assumed that the harm from a thimerosal-containing
hepatitis B vaccine (which was theoretical at best) was greater than the risk
of getting hepatitis B (which wasn’t theoretical at all). Within a few years of
the removal of thimerosal from vaccines given to young children, seven studies
showed that it hadn’t caused harm. The only harm had come from elevating a
theoretical risk above a real risk.
“It’s not
hard to understand how this could have happened. Mercury is never going to
sound good. (There’s no such thing as the National Association for the
Appreciation of Heavy Metals.) Large quantities of mercury have clearly been
shown to cause harm. Indeed, environmental mercury contaminations caused by a
chemical spillage in Minamata Bay, Japan, or by fumigating grain in Iraq damaged
hundreds of babies and fetuses.
“Mercury,
however, which is present in the Earth’s crust, is hard to avoid. Anything we
drink that’s made from water on this planet (including breast milk and infant
formula) will contain small quantities of mercury. These small quantities of mercury aren’t harmful.
Only large quantities are harmful. If small quantities of mercury were harmful,
we’d have to move to a different planet. Of interest, the quantities of mercury contained in
vaccines were far less than those contained in breast milk and infant formulas.
And mercury isn’t the only heavy metal to which we are routinely exposed. We
all have trace quantities of metals like cadmium, beryllium, thallium, and even
arsenic in our blood. But at quantities far less than those required to do
harm.”
Dr. Paul Offit, Pandora’s Lab:
Seven Stories of Science Gone Wrong, National Geographic Partners, 2016
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